REV6 CH00: Table of Contents and Introduction
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Please see "Additional Information" link above.
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REV06 CH01: And Earth-System Toolkit for Environmentally...
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Environmental issues have become important, if not critical,
factors in the success of proposed mining projects worldwide. In
an ongoing and intense public debate about mining and its perceived
enviro...
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REV06 CH02: An Overview of the Abundance, Relative....
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A major reason for considering the environmental geochemistry
of mineral deposits is the environmental impact from such
deposits on human, animal, and plant life. Some human activities
may perturb or ...
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REV06 CH03: The Environmental Geology of Mineral Deposits
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Mineral deposits are concentrations of metallic or other mineral
commodities in the Earth’s crust that result from a variety of
complex geologic processes. The natural weathering and erosion
of a mine...
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REV06 CH04: Some Fundamentals of Aqueous Geochemistry
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Aqueous geochemistry is the application of chemistry to reactions
between rock and natural water. Analytical chemistry, inorganic
and organic chemistry, and physical chemistry are used to
understand a...
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REV06 CH05: The Role of Bacteria in Environmental....
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Many of the geochemical processes occurring at earth-surface
temperature and pressure are influenced by microorganisms, particularly
the bacteria. Like any other living entity, the bacteria as
an aggr...
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REV06 CH06: Geochemistry and Acid Mine Waters
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There are about a dozen major hydrogeochemical processes
that can account for the chemical composition of most natural
waters. One of these is the oxidation of pyrite, a process at least
as important ...
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REV06 CH07: Metal Sorption on Mineral Surfaces...
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Sorption reactions, involving both inorganic and organic particulates,
are an important control on the transport and fate of
many trace elements in natural systems. Understanding the controls
on trace...
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REV06 CH08: General Aspects of Aquatic Colloids....
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A recent emphasis in society is on conducting mining activities
with the least environmental impact possible. A manifestation of
this is the costolnyit omring of contaminant levels in surface
and grou...
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REV06 CH09: Geochemical Processes Controlling Uranium...
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Comprehensive models of ore genesis incorporate metal
sources, transport and concentration mechanisms, and preservation
mechanisms. Analogous concepts apply to the problem of
metal migration from mine...
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REV06 CH10: Geochemistry of the Processes that Attentuate...
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Because conventional treatment of acid-mine drainage (AMD)
involves installation and maintenance of water treatment plants,
regulators and mine operators have sought lower cost and lower
maintenance t...
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REV06 CH11: The Environmental Geochemistry of Cyanide
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“His ways precedeth his coming. We speaketh his name in fear
and trembling (Anon, circa 451 AD).” Obscure perhaps, but these
words of the Roman centurion about his foe Attila the Hun, immediately
prio...
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REV06 CH12: Field Methods for Sampling and Analysis...
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Water is an important agent in the chemical weathering of mineral
deposits, mine tailings, waste rock, settling ponds and landfills,
and in the dispersion of contaminants from these sources into
the a...
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REV06 CH13: Laboratory Methods for the Analysis...
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The precise, accurate analysis of environmental materials for
their total or partial elemental content is anything but a simple or
routine task. There are numerous problems that must be addressed
to a...
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REV06 CH14: Geochemical Modeling of Water-Rock....
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The precise, accurate analysis of environmental materials for
their total or partial elemental content is anything but a simple or
routine task. There are numerous problems that must be addressed
to a...
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REV06 CH15: Static-Test Methods Most Commonly Used....
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Acid mine drainage (AMD) is contaminated effluent from
mines and mining wastes that results from the oxidation of ironsulfide
minerals exposed to air and water. The intensity and duration
of AMD forma...
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REV06 CH16: The Health Effects of Mineral Dusts
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“Everything is a poison, nothing is a poison, the dose alone
makes the poison.” (Paracelsus 1493•1541).
As a consequence of environmental and health consciousness
that began in the 1970s and continues...
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REV06 CH17: Bioavailability of Metals in the Environment
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The bioavailability of environmental contaminants, including
heavy metals, is an important issue in assessing exposure and
resultant risk to human and ecological receptors that contact these
chemicals...
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REV06 CH18: Effects of Heavy Metals on the Aquatic Biota
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This review focuses on the effects of heavy metals on the
aquatic (primarily freshwater) biota. During the 1970s and 1980s
there was intense research interest in the biological effects of
heavy metals...
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REV06 CH19: Geologic Controls on the Composition...
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Sulfide-bearing mineral deposits formed in reduced conditions
out of contact with an oxygenated atmosphere. When sulfides in
the deposits are exposed by natural erosion or by mining to atmospheric
oxy...
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REV06 CH20: A Multi-Phased Approach to Predict Acid...
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Acid rock drainage (ARD) is a solution of sulfuric acid and
iron sulfate, formed mainly by the exposure of pyrite to oxygen
and water. ARD typically has high concentrations of other heavy
metals that ...
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REV06 CH21: The Hydrogeochemistry of a Nickel-Mine...
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The tailings impoundments of the Sudbury operation of INCO
Ltd., one of the largest mining complexes in the world, cover 21
km2 and constitute in excess of 10% of all mine tailings areas in
Canada. Th...
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REV06 CH22: Seasonal Variation in Metal Concentrations...
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Mining of mineral deposits in the Rocky Mountains has left a
legacy of acidic inflows to otherwise pristine upland watersheds.
Since 1986, the U.S. Geological Survey has studied physical,
chemical, an...
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REV06 CH23: Natural Attenuation of Acidic Drainage....
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Ground and surface water can be contaminated by the transport
of soluble oxidation products from sulfidic mine waste impoundments.
A program was designed whereby an impoundment that
contained sulfidic...
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REV06 CH24: The Behavior of Trace Metals in Water...
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Pyrite oxidation in the upper part of Geneva Creek basin has
impacted approximately 8 miles of upper Geneva Creek by natural
acid drainage (NAD). The maximum concentrations of metals
in stream waters ...
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REV06 CH25: Calculations of Geochemical Baselines....
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The Summitville deposit, located in the San Juan Mountains of
southwestern Colorado, was discovered in the 1870s and is an
example of an acid-sulfate epithermal Au-Ag-Cu system associated
with advance...
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REV06 CH26: A Case Study on the Aerobic and Anaerobic....
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Constructed wetlands have been utilized to passively remove
metals and raise the pH of acid mine drainage. Manganese is typically
the most difficult metal to remove from solution due to the
high pH (>...
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REV06 CH27: Geochemical and Biogeochemical Controls...
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Uranium-bearing ores are mined and milled as the first step in
the nuclear fuel cycle. Milling consists of the mechanical and
chemical processes that concentrate the uranium fraction from the
ore. In ...
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REV06 CH28: Biooxidation Pretreatment of Refractory....
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Bacterial oxidation of refractory sulfidic gold ores and concentrates
can be used as a pretreatment process to enhance the recovery
of gold. Sulfide minerals that occlude gold, such as pyrite,
arsenop...
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REV06 CH29: Determination of the Source and Pathway...
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All human activities, including mining, carry risks. The role of
the environmental consultant in mining is to help design environmentally
sound mining approaches and facilities, and also to solve
prob...
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REV06 CH30: Use of Lead Isotopes as Natural Tracers...
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Lead isotopes have been used as tracers of geologic processes
in both ore-genesis and petrogenesis studies. Recently, they have
found increased application in contamination studies. There are
two requ...
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